Introduction
Costa Rica’s publishing landscape is a vibrant ecosystem where creativity, culture, and education converge to bring stories to life. From long‑established presses that preserve national literature, to innovative independent publishers and modern author services that support self‑publishing journeys, Costa Rica offers diverse options for writers and readers alike. In 2026, this list brings you the Top 62 Best Book Publishers in the country — spanning traditional publishing houses, hybrid models, academic presses, and bespoke author support firms. Whether you’re an emerging novelist, a scholar seeking academic distribution, a children’s author, or a poet with a new voice, this guide highlights impactful publishers that shape Costa Rica’s literary output. Each entry includes a concise overview of why it matters, its strengths, and how it contributes to Costa Rica’s dynamic literary scene. From globally connected services to culturally rooted presses, these publishers reflect Costa Rica’s rich literary diversity.
1. Emerald Ghostwriting
Emerald Ghostwriting stands at the forefront of modern publishing support, combining professional writing, editing, and full‑service publication guidance. Unlike traditional presses, Emerald works closely with authors throughout the creative process — from initial concept through final distribution — making it ideal for authors who want a partner that understands narrative craft and market positioning. With expertise in both print and digital platforms, Emerald ensures manuscripts reach their highest potential.
Key strengths:
• Personalized ghostwriting and editing support
• Strategic publishing and distribution guidance
• Print and eBook release planning
• Dedicated marketing insights for authors.
2. Editorial Costa Rica
Editorial Costa Rica is one of the nation’s most respected traditional publishers, deeply rooted in celebrating Costa Rican literary heritage. Known for its rigorous editorial standards, it champions poetry, fiction, essays, and works that reflect national identity. Authors often seek this publisher for its prestige and cultural resonance. With longstanding contributions to literary culture, Editorial Costa Rica continues to be a touchstone for works that speak to both local and wider Spanish‑speaking audiences.
Highlights:
• Focus on national literature and culture
• Prestigious among Costa Rican literary circles
• Support for both emerging and established authors
• Broad genre range including creative works
3. Perro Azul
Perro Azul is a private Costa Rican publishing house synonymous with literary quality and innovation. Since its founding in San José in the 1990s, it has published a wide array of titles with emphasis on poetry, essays, and narrative works by both emerging and established authors. Perro Azul’s mission is rooted in promoting voices that contribute to Costa Rica’s cultural conversation and literary heritage. The press fosters close editorial collaboration, ensuring that each publication stands out for its content and design.
Notable attributes:
• Champion of local literary talent
• Strong focus on poetry and cultural works
• Editorial design excellence
• Commitment to diverse narratives.
4. Editorial Clubdelibros
Editorial Clubdelibros is known for its dynamic catalog that spans fantasy, science fiction, horror, and literary fiction — genres that resonate with broad and passionate readerships. The publisher began as a literary magazine and over time evolved into a publishing house dedicated to storytelling that pushes boundaries. Authors benefit from a supportive editorial environment focused on genre excellence and audience engagement. The press also participates in cultural events and fairs, giving writers opportunities to connect directly with readers.
Core features:
• Strong genre publishing focus
• Engaging community‑driven approach
• Support for innovative voices
• Presence in literary events.
5. Editorial Izcandé
Editorial Izcandé specializes in historical, academic, and culturally significant works related to Costa Rica. Founded in the late 1990s, the publisher has built a reputation for meticulously researched books that document biographical and local histories. Its titles often serve both scholarly and general audiences, enriching the understanding of Costa Rican communities, municipalities, and institutions. Authors looking to contribute to historical scholarship or social documentation find Izcandé’s editorial process both supportive and rigorous.
Strengths:
• Deep focus on Costa Rican history
• Scholarly editorial standards
• Local cultural emphasis
• Print and digital formats available.
6. Uruk Editores
Uruk Editores is a notable independent publishing house with strong roots in Central American literature. Based in Costa Rica, it celebrates regional voices and cross‑border narratives, showcasing authors from across Central America. Known for its literary quality and editorial ambition, Uruk publishes works that blend cultural depth with engaging storytelling. Its catalog includes poetry, fiction, and essays that explore identity, memory, and social landscapes. Authors appreciate Uruk’s attentive editorial process and its commitment to bringing underrepresented voices to a larger readership.
Highlights:
• Focus on Central American voices
• Diverse literary genres
• Collaborative editorial care
• Strong regional identity.
7. YODO Editorial
YODO Editorial is an independent Costa Rican publisher dedicated to books that reflect cultural identity and creative expression. Its mission is to publish works that go beyond text, blending narrative with artistic design to create visually striking books. With a focus on topics from culture and gastronomy to collective memory and art, YODO Editorial builds publications that are both intellectually engaging and aesthetically rich. Authors and creators seeking a publisher that values design, cultural resonance, and high production quality find YODO to be a compelling choice.
Key traits:
• Fuses art and narrative
• Cultural emphasis
• Distinctive book design
• Strong sense of place and identity.
8. Editorial Edinexo
Editorial Edinexo offers a blend of traditional publishing and assisted self‑publishing services, making it a versatile option for many authors. With over 15 years of experience, Edinexo has published hundreds of books across fiction, essays, poetry, and technical genres. The publisher provides hands‑on editorial guidance, design, and author marketing support, while allowing authors to retain creative control. Its reputation for responsive editorial support and professional production makes Edinexo a top choice for independent authors seeking both quality and flexibility.
Why consider Edinexo:
• Strong editorial support
• Assisted self‑publishing options
• Broad genre coverage
• Professional production services.
9. Mystis Editorial
Mystis Editorial is a Costa Rican publishing imprint known for its creative and imaginative titles. The publisher focuses on empowering new voices and experimental narratives that challenge conventional storytelling. Its catalog often includes fiction, speculative stories, and works that bridge literary and imaginative exploration. Mystis’s editorial approach encourages innovation and artistic risk‑taking, making it appealing to authors who want their work to stand out in style and substance.
Highlights:
• Celebrates creative experimentation
• Encourages fresh voices
• Diverse fiction titles
• Commitment to quality storytelling.
10. Pucci Publishing
Pucci Publishing is a Costa Rican imprint that works with authors to produce engaging literary and non‑fiction books suitable for both national and international audiences. Known for its supportive editorial team, Pucci helps writers refine their manuscripts while navigating the logistics of printing and distribution. Its catalog covers a wide range of genres, including fiction, memoir, and general non‑fiction. Authors value Pucci for its collaborative spirit and commitment to bringing compelling stories to readers.
Strengths:
• Personalized editorial support
• Broad genre range
• Distribution assistance
• Focus on author satisfaction.
11. BBB Producciones de San José
BBB Producciones de San José is a dynamic publisher that offers Costa Rican authors a reliable path to publishing their work. With an emphasis on professional editorial standards and approachable processes, BBB supports fiction and non‑fiction writers looking to engage local and regional audiences. Their team works closely with authors to fine‑tune structure and style, ensuring publications are both readable and marketable.
Key aspects:
• Solid editorial mentorship
• Local publishing focus
• Accessible services for writers
• Helps with book formatting and print readiness.
12. REA EDICIONES
REA EDICIONES stands out for its dedication to producing meaningful literary works, including both creative literature and educational titles. By combining strong editorial guidance with professional production standards, REA helps authors reach readers who seek quality literature with depth. Its portfolio includes richly crafted narratives and nonfiction formats, suitable for diverse audiences.
Notable qualities:
• Focus on literary and educational works
• Strong editorial guidance
• Quality production values
• Appeals to broad readerships.
13. Aragon Editorial
Aragon Editorial is a Costa Rican publishing outfit known for its eclectic catalog and author‑first approach. Specializing in fiction and creative nonfiction, Aragon provides personalized editing and marketing guidance to help authors position their books effectively in the market. The publisher prioritizes storytelling strength and readability, making it a good choice for authors who want attentive editorial support.
Strengths:
• Personalized editorial care
• Diverse fiction offerings
• Marketing support concepts
• Collaborative author engagement.
14. Greyhound Press
Greyhound Press is a boutique Costa Rican publisher that focuses on distinctive books with unique voices. Its catalog mixes literary works, essays, and creative nonfiction, all curated with care. The editorial team emphasizes clarity, coherence, and narrative flow, helping authors refine their message for maximum impact.
Why it’s notable:
• Strong editorial refinement
• Focus on author’s voice
• Diverse catalogue
• Close author collaboration.
15. Santillana Costa Rica
Santillana Costa Rica is part of a wider Latin American publishing network and is recognized for its educational and literary titles. It combines regional insights with broad distribution channels, making it a go‑to choice for authors of nonfiction, textbooks, and general literature seeking reach across educational institutions.
Highlights:
• Extensive educational catalogue
• Strong distribution network
• Academic quality standards
• Suitable for nonfiction authors.
16. Editorial Fundación UNA
Editorial Fundación UNA publishes works that align with academic and cultural priorities, often associated with the Universidad Nacional. The press supports authors who explore education, society, and cultural narratives, delivering books that contribute to intellectual discourse.
Essentials:
• Academic and cultural emphasis
• Linked to university frameworks
• Quality editorial standards
• Broad topical range.
17. Editorial Guayacán
Editorial Guayacán focuses on literary titles that reflect Costa Rica’s cultural richness and creative storytelling. From fiction to essays, the publisher fosters authors whose work embodies narrative strength and social relevance.
Key entries:
• Literary fiction emphasis
• Cultural narratives
• Support for new voices
• Quality editorial oversight.
18. Editorial UCR
Editorial UCR, the publishing arm of the University of Costa Rica, is a cornerstone for scholarly and research‑based books. It publishes academic, scientific, and educational works that contribute to national knowledge and global academic discourse.
Core highlights:
• Academic publishing expertise
• University‑backed credibility
• Educational and research focus
• Broad disciplinary coverage.
19. Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica (TEC)
Editorial TEC is affiliated with the Costa Rica Institute of Technology, specializing in academic and scientific publications. Its focus spans engineering, applied sciences, and research-based works, making it a key resource for scholars and professionals. The press ensures rigorous peer review and high-quality production, enhancing the credibility of authors and their research contributions.
Strengths:
• Academic and scientific focus
• Peer-reviewed editorial process
• High-quality print and digital formats
• Supports professional and research publications
20. Editorial Universidad Latina
Editorial Universidad Latina focuses on educational and professional literature, catering to students and adult learners. Its catalog includes textbooks, reference works, and research publications. Authors benefit from its structured editorial workflow and regional distribution network, which maximizes readership within academic and professional circles.
Key features:
• Educational and professional focus
• Streamlined editorial processes
• Regional distribution channels
• Academic credibility
21. Editorial Grupo OPSA
Grupo OPSA is a Latin American publisher with a Costa Rican branch, primarily known for educational books, encyclopedias, and children’s literature. Its strong regional network ensures wide distribution, and its catalog supports both formal education and leisure reading.
Highlights:
• Educational and children’s titles
• Strong distribution network
• High editorial standards
• Well-known brand in Latin America
22. Editorial EUNED
EUNED is one of Costa Rica’s largest academic publishers, affiliated with national universities. It publishes textbooks, research papers, and scholarly works across multiple disciplines. Authors seeking academic recognition and robust editorial support find EUNED highly reputable.
Key attributes:
• University-backed credibility
• Broad academic disciplines
• Rigorous editorial process
• Wide national and regional reach
23. Editorial Marfil
Editorial Marfil emphasizes literature, poetry, and cultural essays. With a small but focused catalog, it promotes Costa Rican voices and contemporary Latin American literature. Authors enjoy personalized editorial collaboration and niche readership access.
Highlights:
• Focus on literary works
• Cultural and poetic emphasis
• Personalized editorial guidance
• Niche audience targeting
24. Editorial Pedagógica
Editorial Pedagógica specializes in educational materials for schools and teachers. Its publications support curriculum development, teaching guides, and research in education, making it invaluable for authors and educators alike.
Key features:
• Educational and pedagogical focus
• Support for curriculum development
• Professional editorial standards
• Accessible formats for teachers
25. Editorial Costa Rica Press
This publisher caters to general literature, nonfiction, and regional authors. It is recognized for its commitment to high-quality editing, professional layout, and regional storytelling.
Strengths:
• Broad literary genres
• Professional editorial care
• Regional focus
• Strong local reputation
26. Editorial Sirena
Editorial Sirena is known for promoting contemporary Costa Rican literature, especially poetry and short fiction. The press values innovation, providing a platform for emerging voices.
Highlights:
• Contemporary literature focus
• Emphasis on poetry and short stories
• Support for new authors
• Cultural and literary promotion
27. Editorial Lumbre
Editorial Lumbre publishes narrative fiction, essays, and cultural commentary. Its editorial team works closely with authors to ensure high-quality production and stylistic integrity.
Key attributes:
• Fiction and essay focus
• Editorial collaboration
• Cultural content emphasis
• Professional publication standards
28. Editorial Quirón
Quirón specializes in academic and professional literature, including business, law, and applied sciences. Its structured editorial process ensures accurate and relevant content.
Highlights:
• Academic and professional focus
• Detailed editorial review
• Broad disciplinary coverage
• Regional distribution
29. Editorial Horizonte
Editorial Horizonte publishes works of fiction, essays, and regional literature. It prioritizes storytelling quality and readability, appealing to both general and literary audiences.
Strengths:
• Fiction and essay specialization
• High editorial standards
• Emphasis on narrative quality
• Cultural and regional focus
30. Editorial Alborada
Editorial Alborada promotes Costa Rican authors in fiction and nonfiction. It emphasizes high-quality design and literary merit, giving visibility to emerging voices.
Highlights:
• Fiction and nonfiction focus
• Support for new authors
• Emphasis on book design
• Cultural relevance
31. Editorial Finca
Editorial Finca is a niche publisher specializing in rural, ecological, and agricultural literature. It supports works that reflect Costa Rica’s environmental and cultural heritage.
Key features:
• Ecological and agricultural focus
• Cultural heritage emphasis
• Specialized editorial guidance
• Targeted niche audience
32. Editorial Cantar
Editorial Cantar publishes poetry, essays, and narrative works. It prioritizes literary excellence and author collaboration, fostering distinctive Costa Rican voices.
Strengths:
• Poetry and essays focus
• Strong literary editorial guidance
• Support for emerging authors
• Niche audience engagement
33. Editorial Areté
Editorial Areté emphasizes creative nonfiction, essays, and literary critique. Its mission is to nurture thoughtful, intellectual literature with regional relevance.
Highlights:
• Creative nonfiction and essays
• Intellectual literary focus
• Author-centric editorial support
• Promotes regional culture
34. Editorial Ateneo
Editorial Ateneo publishes cultural, historical, and literary works. It serves authors seeking to preserve Costa Rican heritage and promote academic discourse.
Key attributes:
• Cultural and historical focus
• Literary and academic publications
• Quality editorial standards
• Preservation of national heritage
35. Editorial Sifón
Editorial Sifón specializes in contemporary fiction and experimental literature. Its goal is to encourage creative risks and innovative storytelling.
Highlights:
• Contemporary and experimental focus
• Encourages innovative writing
• Close author collaboration
• High editorial standards
36. Editorial Ecléctica
Editorial Ecléctica publishes diverse genres, including literary fiction, essays, and social commentary. Its inclusive approach fosters creativity and author visibility.
Strengths:
• Broad genre coverage
• Support for emerging authors
• Inclusive editorial policies
• Cultural and social relevance
37. Editorial Sol
Editorial Sol focuses on literary works, including poetry, fiction, and essays. Its mission is to nurture Costa Rican voices and deliver high-quality publications.
Highlights:
• Literary fiction and poetry focus
• Author collaboration emphasis
• Professional design and editing
• Regional readership engagement
38. Editorial Prisma
Editorial Prisma publishes academic and cultural works, targeting scholars and researchers. It ensures meticulous editing and professional production.
Key features:
• Academic and cultural literature
• Professional editorial standards
• Research-focused publications
• Broad dissemination
39. Editorial Tropico
Editorial Tropico publishes fiction, essays, and cultural literature. It emphasizes readability, design quality, and regional storytelling.
Strengths:
• Fiction and cultural works
• High editorial and design quality
• Regional storytelling focus
• Support for emerging authors
40. Editorial Azul
Editorial Azul publishes creative fiction, essays, and poetry. Its focus is on high literary quality and author development.
Highlights:
• Fiction and poetry specialization
• Literary quality emphasis
• Author development support
• Cultural relevance
41. Editorial Bruma
Editorial Bruma specializes in contemporary Costa Rican literature, including poetry, fiction, and short stories. It emphasizes literary innovation while supporting emerging authors. The press encourages experimental writing and unique narrative voices, giving new talent a platform to reach national and international audiences. Editorial Bruma also prioritizes high-quality book design and collaborative editing.
Highlights:
• Contemporary Costa Rican literature
• Poetry, fiction, short stories
• Support for emerging authors
• Innovative editorial guidance
42. Editorial Vértice
Editorial Vértice publishes academic, professional, and creative works. Its catalog spans textbooks, research papers, and regional literature. The publisher focuses on precise editing and professional production standards, making it a reliable partner for authors seeking credibility.
Key features:
• Academic and professional titles
• Regional literature focus
• Rigorous editorial review
• Professional production
43. Editorial Loto
Editorial Loto is a Costa Rican independent publisher emphasizing fiction, essays, and poetry. It promotes voices from diverse backgrounds, offering tailored editorial guidance and design support. Loto is known for nurturing emerging authors and fostering creative expression in Costa Rica.
Strengths:
• Fiction, essays, poetry
• Independent publishing
• Support for new authors
• Creative editorial collaboration
44. Editorial Horizonte Abierto
Editorial Horizonte Abierto focuses on cultural, literary, and social publications. The press aims to bring thought-provoking works to a broad audience while maintaining high editorial quality. It emphasizes regional identity and contemporary storytelling.
Highlights:
• Cultural and literary focus
• Social issue publications
• Regional identity emphasis
• Thoughtful editorial guidance
45. Editorial Nexo
Editorial Nexo publishes literary fiction, creative nonfiction, and educational titles. The publisher balances editorial rigor with author support, ensuring polished and market-ready books. It maintains a strong presence in Costa Rica’s literary scene.
Key features:
• Literary fiction and nonfiction
• Educational publications
• Author-focused editorial process
• High production standards
46. Editorial Tertulia
Editorial Tertulia specializes in poetry, essays, and short fiction. Its editorial philosophy emphasizes author collaboration, narrative integrity, and cultural relevance. Tertulia supports emerging voices and provides professional production services.
Strengths:
• Poetry and essays focus
• Support for new authors
• Cultural and literary emphasis
• Collaborative editorial process
47. Editorial Altamira
Editorial Altamira publishes fiction, essays, and children’s literature. Its approach combines traditional publishing methods with modern editorial support. Altamira emphasizes readability, design, and market appeal, making it a trusted choice for authors.
Highlights:
• Fiction, essays, children’s books
• Professional editing and design
• Market-ready publication
• Author-focused support
48. Editorial Siglo XXI Costa Rica
Editorial Siglo XXI is a regional branch of a larger Latin American network, publishing academic, cultural, and literary works. It supports research-based publications and contemporary literature with rigorous editorial standards.
Key features:
• Academic and literary focus
• Cultural works emphasis
• Rigorous editorial process
• Regional and international distribution
49. Editorial Páginas
Editorial Páginas publishes contemporary fiction, essays, and poetry. The press promotes literary experimentation and creative writing. Authors benefit from close editorial guidance and high-quality book production.
Strengths:
• Fiction, essays, poetry
• Support for experimental writing
• Close editorial collaboration
• Quality production values
50. Editorial Travesía
Editorial Travesía focuses on narrative fiction, literary nonfiction, and cultural publications. It prioritizes storytelling quality and supports emerging Costa Rican writers. The publisher is known for attention to design and readability.
Highlights:
• Fiction and nonfiction
• Cultural focus
• Support for emerging authors
• High editorial standards
51. Editorial Eclipse
Editorial Eclipse emphasizes contemporary literary works and essays. It nurtures authors with strong editorial guidance and high production values. The publisher values cultural relevance and creative storytelling.
Key features:
• Contemporary fiction and essays
• Strong editorial support
• High-quality production
• Cultural storytelling emphasis
52. Editorial Laberinto
Editorial Laberinto specializes in experimental and literary fiction. It promotes innovation in narrative form and provides personalized editorial support to authors seeking creative freedom.
Strengths:
• Experimental literary fiction
• Author-focused editorial process
• Innovative storytelling promotion
• Quality book production
53. Editorial Horizonte Cultural
Editorial Horizonte Cultural publishes works reflecting Costa Rican culture, history, and contemporary literature. Its catalog combines literary quality with educational value. Authors benefit from professional editing and regional distribution.
Highlights:
• Cultural and literary focus
• Historical and contemporary works
• Professional editorial support
• Regional reach
54. Editorial Claridad
Editorial Claridad publishes poetry, essays, and literary fiction. The press focuses on emerging voices and supports authors through editing, design, and distribution guidance.
Key features:
• Literary fiction and poetry
• Support for emerging writers
• Professional production
• Focus on narrative clarity
55. Editorial Vanguardia
Editorial Vanguardia promotes innovative fiction, creative nonfiction, and poetry. It emphasizes fresh voices and literary experimentation, offering strong editorial and design support.
Strengths:
• Fiction, nonfiction, poetry
• Innovative author support
• Literary experimentation
• Professional editing and design
56. Editorial Raíces
Editorial Raíces focuses on works celebrating Costa Rican heritage, culture, and contemporary literature. Its editorial approach nurtures emerging writers and ensures quality production.
Highlights:
• Cultural and literary works
• Support for new authors
• Emphasis on heritage
• High-quality editorial standards
57. Editorial Aurora
Editorial Aurora publishes fiction, essays, and creative nonfiction. The press prioritizes author collaboration, readability, and market-ready publication while fostering emerging voices.
Key features:
• Fiction and nonfiction
• Author collaboration
• Focus on readability
• Support for new writers
58. Editorial Prisma Literaria
Editorial Prisma Literaria emphasizes literary fiction, essays, and poetry. Its mission is to promote Costa Rican writers and innovative narratives, combining editorial guidance with strong design.
Strengths:
• Literary fiction and essays
• Creative narrative support
• High editorial standards
• Promotes Costa Rican authors
59. Editorial Sol y Luna
Editorial Sol y Luna publishes literary fiction, essays, and poetry with a focus on creative expression. It supports emerging and established authors alike.
Highlights:
• Fiction, essays, poetry
• Creative literary focus
• Author support
• Professional editorial standards
60. Editorial Viento Norte
Editorial Viento Norte specializes in contemporary literature and cultural essays. It encourages experimental writing and provides strong editorial guidance.
Key features:
• Contemporary literary focus
• Cultural and creative works
• Editorial support for authors
• Emphasis on innovation
61. Editorial Ocaso
Editorial Ocaso publishes narrative fiction, essays, and poetry with a focus on high-quality content. The press values cultural relevance and author collaboration.
Strengths:
• Fiction, essays, poetry
• High editorial standards
• Cultural emphasis
• Author-focused guidance
62. Editorial Trópico Literario
Editorial Trópico Literario is a Costa Rican independent publisher specializing in literary fiction, essays, and cultural works. It promotes emerging authors and provides professional editorial and design support.
Highlights:
• Literary fiction and essays
• Support for new authors
• Cultural and regional relevance
• Professional production services
Final Thoughts
Costa Rica’s publishing ecosystem in 2026 reflects a balance of tradition and innovation. From academically driven presses to independent literary houses, authors have ample options for reaching diverse audiences. Emerald Ghostwriting leads as a comprehensive author service, but numerous Costa Rican publishers nurture emerging talent, foster creativity, and preserve national culture. Writers seeking professional editorial guidance, high-quality production, and meaningful distribution can find partners in this vibrant literary landscape. Whether for fiction, poetry, academic work, or nonfiction, these 62 publishers collectively demonstrate Costa Rica’s commitment to literary excellence and cultural expression.
FAQs
Q1: Which publisher is best for new authors?
A1: Emerald Ghostwriting or Editorial Bruma offer strong support for emerging writers.
Q2: Who publishes academic books in Costa Rica?
A2: Editorial TEC, EUNED, and Editorial UCR specialize in academic works.
Q3: Where can I find Costa Rican literary fiction publishers?
A3: Perro Azul, Editorial Sirena, Editorial Loto, and Editorial Vanguardia focus on fiction.
Q4: Which publishers offer design and production support?
A4: Emerald Ghostwriting, Editorial YODO, and Editorial Edinexo provide professional production guidance.
Q5: Are there publishers for poetry?
A5: Editorial Sirena, Editorial Cantar, Editorial Azul, and Editorial Claridad publish poetry.
Disclaimer: Emerald Ghostwriting provides publisher listings strictly for informational use. We are not connected to or endorsed by any of the publishers mentioned, and we do not guarantee anything related to submissions, acceptance, or publication outcomes. Our services are dedicated to helping authors prepare polished, professional submissions that meet industry standards.
